關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ) 從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

狀語(yǔ)從句 （Adverbial Clause）

狀語(yǔ)從句指句子用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。

根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo)，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，位于句尾時(shí)可以不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。

時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)

一般情況下，時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”，用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來(lái)完成時(shí)”。

例如：

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就將給你打電話。

(這是由as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，絕不可用will arrive)

As soon as I have finished this work, I will have gone home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。

(從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have finished，表示將來(lái)完成時(shí),絕不可用will have finished)

If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來(lái)了，請(qǐng)通知我。

(從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用comes back,表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，絕不可用will come back)

從句通常結(jié)構(gòu)：主 do sth.\do sb.(條件)+ V.\結(jié)果

一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：

when(在…時(shí)), as(當(dāng)…時(shí)), while(在…期間), as soon as(一……就……), before(在…之前), after(在...之后), since(自從...以來(lái)) , not...until(直到…才)until/till(直到…時(shí))等

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：

the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant( 瞬間，頃刻), immediately , directly(不久，立即), no sooner … than(一...就...), hardly …when(剛一...就...) , scarcely … when(剛...就.../一...就...)

當(dāng)用no sooner … than，hardly …when，scarcely … when作為引導(dǎo)詞的時(shí)候，從句要部分倒裝。

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

直到我成為了一個(gè)成年人我才意識(shí)到我的母親是多么的特殊。

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

當(dāng)約翰看電視時(shí)，他的妻子正在做飯。

The children ran away from the orchard(果園), the moment they saw the guard.

孩子們一看到守衛(wèi)就逃出了果園。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

還沒(méi)等我到家就開(kāi)始下雨了。

(<--- This translation is wrong. No sooner...than... means something happened right after something happened. )(我一到家就開(kāi)始下雨了。)

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

每當(dāng)我聽(tīng)取你的建議時(shí)，我就會(huì)惹上麻煩。

二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：where

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，有工廠的地方空氣污染就嚴(yán)重。

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

無(wú)論你去哪里，你都應(yīng)該努力工作。

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型，

例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.

在沒(méi)有雨水的地方，耕作是困難的或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.

他們都是好人。因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎。

You should have put the book where you found it.

你應(yīng)該把書(shū)放回原來(lái)的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.

哪里有了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，哪里的人民就得解放。

Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.

有海就有海員。

三、原因狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

我的朋友都不喜歡我，因?yàn)槲矣钟⒖∮殖晒Α?/p>

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

既然每個(gè)人都到了，讓我們開(kāi)始我們的會(huì)議吧。

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

更高的收入稅是有害的，因?yàn)樗�或許會(huì)阻礙人們努力賺錢(qián)。

四、目的狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

老板要求秘書(shū)快寫(xiě)函件以便他能在上面簽字。

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

為了讓后面的學(xué)生聽(tīng)得更清楚，老師有意地提高了他的聲音。

注意，由for引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)并列句，不是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，但有表原因的意思，是并列連詞。

五、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：so … that, such … that,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

他很早起床以便趕上第一班公共汽車(chē)

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

這是一個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)，千萬(wàn)不能錯(cuò)過(guò)它

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

他激動(dòng)到這個(gè)程度，以至于他昨晚睡不著

六、條件狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless,whether(whether...or not)

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case(美語(yǔ)中表?xiàng)l件，英語(yǔ)中表目的), on condition that

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

如果總統(tǒng)同意，我們將開(kāi)始我們的項(xiàng)目

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

只要你繼續(xù)努力，你一定會(huì)成功的。

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

如果沒(méi)有人反對(duì)，我們就在這里開(kāi)會(huì)。

七、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

盡管我很尊敬他， 但是我卻不同意他的建議。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

老人都很喜歡游泳，即使天氣很惡劣。

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

不論他如何努力，她都不會(huì)改變她的主意。

He won’t listen whatever you may say.

他不會(huì)聽(tīng)你說(shuō)什么。

八、比較狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較)

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

她和她媽媽一樣脾氣很壞。

The house is three times as big as ours.

這房子是我們的三倍大。

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

你運(yùn)動(dòng)的越多，你就越健康。

Food is to men what oil is to machine.

食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。

九、方式狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

入國(guó)問(wèn)禁，入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。

She behaved as if she were the boss.

她表現(xiàn)得好像她是老板。

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

有時(shí)，我們用父母教導(dǎo)我們的方式教導(dǎo)我們的孩子。

十、狀語(yǔ)從句的省略

狀語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)具備下列兩個(gè)條件:①主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致，或從句主語(yǔ)為it;②從句主要?jiǎng)釉~是be的某種形式。從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞�？墒÷浴＠�如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .

當(dāng)博物館完成，該博物館將于明年向公眾開(kāi)放。

He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.

如果可能，他將去海邊度假的話

另外，比較狀語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常省略。例如：

I’m taller than he (is tall ).

我比他高

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

溫度越高，氣壓越大

就狀語(yǔ)從句而言,有時(shí)為了使語(yǔ)言言簡(jiǎn)意賅,常常將狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行"簡(jiǎn)化"。狀語(yǔ)從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象在口語(yǔ)中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高。因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面、透徹的了解。

狀語(yǔ)從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句中:

①由if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;

②由although, though, even if / though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;

③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;

④由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句;

⑤由as, than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。下面針對(duì)這五種情形作一歸納。

(1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it和be要完全簡(jiǎn)化掉。

例如:

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.

如果可能的話,他會(huì)幫你擺脫困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you。

除非情況對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)不方便,否則你必須出席這次會(huì)議。

(2)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句可以將主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)化掉。常用于以下幾種情形:

連詞+形容詞

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.

他小時(shí)候就學(xué)會(huì)了騎自行車(chē)。

Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.

她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.

少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。

連詞+名詞

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.

他在孩子時(shí)代就樂(lè)于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.

盡管他曾是個(gè)農(nóng)民,但現(xiàn)在他是位著名的導(dǎo)演了。

連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.

她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.

盡管近來(lái)他一直在學(xué)數(shù)學(xué),但他仍然沒(méi)有取得好成績(jī)。

連詞+過(guò)去分詞

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.

除非受到邀請(qǐng),否則他不會(huì)和我們一道去那里。

The concert was a great success than (it was) expected

.這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。

連詞+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.

當(dāng)時(shí)他站起來(lái)好像要說(shuō)什么。

He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.

即使他來(lái)負(fù)責(zé),他也解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

連詞+介詞短語(yǔ)

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.

她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.

他到美國(guó)之前就懂英語(yǔ)了。

注意:當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。

例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.

當(dāng)會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí),人們都走出了會(huì)議室。(=The meeting over)

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