現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

定義

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且已經(jīng)完成，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，可能持續(xù)發(fā)生下去。在英語時(shí)態(tài)中，“時(shí)“指 動(dòng)作 發(fā)生的時(shí)間，”態(tài)“指動(dòng)作的樣子和 狀態(tài) 。

1.表示到說話人說話時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，卻對現(xiàn)在仍有影響或結(jié)果。例如：He has lost his book.他丟了他的書。2.表示事情開始與過去，卻一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的事情。例如：He has taught in our school for 30 years.他在我們學(xué)校教書已有30年了。3.表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間直到現(xiàn)在的這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，并且這個(gè)不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)下去，也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。例如：My father has always gone to work by bike.我父親一向騎車上班。4.同一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可以在時(shí)間狀語從句里表示將來。例如：I'll wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信寫完。

構(gòu)成

主語 + have / has + done(過去分詞) + …

句型

肯定句:

①主語 + have / has + done+ …She has been to Shanghai.她去過上海.I have finished doing my homework.我已經(jīng)完成我的作業(yè)了.

否定句:

①主語 + have / has + not +done + …I haven’t seen this film.我沒有看過這部電影.She hasn’t finished doing his homework.她還沒有完成她的作業(yè).

一般疑問句：

① Have / Has + 主語 + done + …Have you seen this film ?Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t .你看過這部電影嗎?是的, 看過. / 不, 沒有.Has she finished doing his homework ?Yes, she has . /No, she hasn’t.她完成她的作業(yè)了嗎?是的, 完成了. / 不, 沒有.

特殊疑問句：

①特殊疑問詞 + have / has + 主語 + done + …When has you seen this film ?你什么時(shí)候看的這部電影?Who has finished doing his homework ?誰完成了作業(yè)?

標(biāo)志詞時(shí)間狀語：典型的表時(shí)間的詞與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用

與for 、since、 already、 yet、 ever、 never、 recently、just、before、 so far、 by now、 …等連用.注意: for+一段時(shí)間 since+過去的某一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)

I have lived in Nanning for ten years.I have lived in Nanning since ten years ago/ 2002.I haven’t eaten anything for ten hours.I ha haven’t eaten anything since 6am.

already :

用于肯定句, 可放在助動(dòng)詞之后、過去分詞之前，也可放在句末.I have already finished my homework.

yet:

用在疑問句中意為”已經(jīng)”, 用在否定句中表示”還”, 常放在句末.Have you finished your homework yet?I haven’t finished my homework yet.

ever:

曾經(jīng) 用于疑問句中：Have you ever been to Beijing?Have you ever been to Shanghai ?你去過上海嗎?

never:

未曾 從未I have never traveled by plane before.我以前從來沒有乘飛機(jī)旅行過.

recently：

最近 用于肯定 否定 疑問句中I have been busy recently.We have not seen Tom recently.Have they been here recently.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的23個(gè)“標(biāo)志詞

以下的詞匯，通常使用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。1)ever since, since, since then——3個(gè)2)by now, so far, till/until now, up to now——5個(gè)3)before, lately, recently——3個(gè)4)in recent years;in the past——2個(gè)5)in/for/over/during the last/past +時(shí)間段——2個(gè)6)This/That/It is + 最高級結(jié)構(gòu)… (that) +從句用現(xiàn)完——1個(gè)7)This/That/It is the first/second… time (that) +從句用現(xiàn)完——1個(gè)8)This/That/It is the only…(that) +從句用現(xiàn)完——1個(gè)9)不很常見的up to the present, to date, thus far——3個(gè)10)不很常見的long ago, from——2個(gè)

用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既涉及過去，又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在

1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用，(如表示過去的時(shí)間狀語)如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for,since連用.

2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用如:already(肯定，句中)，yet(否定，疑問，句中)，just,before,recently,still,lately,never等：He has already obtained a scholarship.他已經(jīng)獲得了一份獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).我已經(jīng)很久沒有看到他(最近的)。We have seen that film before.我們以前已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。Have they found the missing child yet?他們找到失蹤的孩子了嗎?

3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去過北京嗎?I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.我從來沒有聽到Bunny說她的壞話。I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.這支鋼筆我只用過三次。它仍然是好的。George has met that gentleman on several occasions.喬治已經(jīng)在好幾個(gè)場合見過那個(gè)先生幾次。

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用如:now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等：Peter has written six papers so far.彼得寫了六篇論文，到目前為止。Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了從原子核中釋放能量。There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.今年以來舊金山雨水太多。The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.我們兩國之間的友好合作關(guān)系在近幾年得到了提高。Up to the present everything has been successful.到現(xiàn)在為止一切都是成功的。

5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來表示過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。即表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間直到現(xiàn)在的這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，并且這個(gè)不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)下去，也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。How often have you seen her?你隔多久見她一次?My father has always gone to work by bike.我父親一向騎車上班。

6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束。He has turned the light off .他已把燈關(guān)了�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時(shí)間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(如：never，ever等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(如：this morning / month /year...，today等)連用。Have you found your pen?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?

7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(如：up to now，so far)等。I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。

注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語 "up to now /till now","so far"(意思是從過去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)連用。Up to/till now he's read many story books.至今他已讀過好多故事書。I've been to New York three times so far.至今我已到紐約去過三次。

has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的區(qū)別

(1). have/ has been to 表示：曾經(jīng)去過某地(已經(jīng)回來了)，常用于第三人稱，可與once ,never,several times等連用(2). have/ has gone to 表示：去了某地(還沒有回來)They have been to Shanghai twice.他們?nèi)ミ^上海兩次。(已經(jīng)回來了)She has gone to Shanghai.她去了上海(還沒有回來)

(3). have been in表示“在某地呆了多少時(shí)間”，常與時(shí)間段狀語連用I have been in Shanghai for three years.我到上海已有三年了。He has been in London for half a month.他來倫敦已有半個(gè)月了。

(4). have been on 表示“已經(jīng)開始了多久 表示持續(xù)性”The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已經(jīng)開始了10分鐘了。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)誤區(qū)提醒:

(1)如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。

(2)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。

動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式，發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

eg:

1. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，也可以表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)與經(jīng)歷.eg: learn, work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live…延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與for 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用：He has lived here for 6 years.(他在這兒住了六年了，一直住在這兒，live是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并且很有可能繼續(xù)居住下去)I have known her since then.(自從那時(shí)起我就認(rèn)識她了，一直都認(rèn)識，know是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)

eg:

2.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：也成終止性動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束.eg: open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die…非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與for 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，常用的時(shí)間狀語有 two years ago, at 5 o’clock, yesterday, the day before yesterday, this morning 等表示過去的時(shí)間.His grandmother died 10 years ago.She finished the work at 6 o’clock.

非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換(常用)

eg:

(1). 轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)borrow → keepbuy → haveput on → wearget to know → knowget to sleep → sleepcatch a cold → have a cold

eg:

(2).轉(zhuǎn)化為“ be+形容詞/副詞/介詞/名詞”begin/start → be ongo out → be outdie → be deadopen → be openget to/ arrive in(at)/reach → be in+地點(diǎn)leave → be away(from)finish → be overfall ill → be illget up → be upfall asleep → be asleepjoin → be in+活動(dòng)/組織go to school → be in schoolbecome → be makefriends → be friendsclose → be closedgo to bed → be in bedcome/ go → be + 相應(yīng)的介詞短語

下面是句子的同義句轉(zhuǎn)換（將原句一般過去時(shí)改成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）

1. The old man died four years ago.(一般過去時(shí))The old man has been deadforfour years.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，將die變?yōu)?be dead)The old man has been deadsince four years ago.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since跟過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn))

2. I borrowed the book five days ago.I have kept the book for five days.I have kept the book since five days ago.

3. He bought the bike three years ago.He has had the bike for three years.He has had the bike since three years ago.

4. She went to school two days ago.She has been in school for two days.She has been in school since two days ago.

5. My sister became a nurse one year ago.My sister has been a nurse for one year.My sister has been a nurse since one year.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：

共同點(diǎn)：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)都表示一個(gè)在過去完成的動(dòng)作。

區(qū)別：

①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，談?wù)摰氖乾F(xiàn)在的情況。而一般過去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，現(xiàn)在情況可能已發(fā)生變化。Who opened the door?誰開的門?(只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去開門這一動(dòng)作，門現(xiàn)在可能已關(guān)上。)Who has opened the door?誰把門開了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)門現(xiàn)在依然還開著。)

②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與明確的過去時(shí)間狀語連用，如：three days ago, last year, yesterday, last Sunday, in 2008等等。如句中有以上這些明確的過去時(shí)間狀語，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。再有，過去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，如現(xiàn)在情況已經(jīng)發(fā)生的變化，也應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。特別提醒：如果這些過去時(shí)間狀語前有since，表示“自過去某一時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。He finished reading the book the day before yesterday.他前天讀完了這本書。I put my ruler in my pencil-box, but I can’t find it now.我把尺子放到文具盒里了，但是我現(xiàn)在找不它了。My cousin has been in Nanjing since 2009.我的表弟從2009年起就呆在南京了。

③現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不與when引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句連用，when后只用一般過去時(shí)表示已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可與where, why等疑問詞連用。Where have you been?你去過哪里了?The train has left.火車已經(jīng)駛離了。When did the train leave?火車什么時(shí)候駛離的?

④since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句后面用一般過去時(shí)，只有前面的主句才用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。We have known each other since we came to the school two years ago.自從兩年前來學(xué)校，我們就互相認(rèn)識了。

⑤有些時(shí)間狀語，如this morning, this month, tonight等，既可以與一般過去時(shí)連用，又可以與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，但內(nèi)涵不同。與一般過去時(shí)連用時(shí)，表示與“現(xiàn)在”無關(guān)，時(shí)間已成為過去。而與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，則表示包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)。I saw him this morning.時(shí)間已不在上午了。)I have seen him this morning.(說話時(shí)間還是上午。)He lived in New York for eight years.(他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在紐約住了。)

He has lived in New York for eight years.(他現(xiàn)在還在紐約居住。)

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