中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法和達(dá)標(biāo)練習(xí)

一、概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即"過(guò)去的過(guò)去( past-in-the-past )"。

那時(shí)以前　那時(shí)　現(xiàn)在

二、常搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：before, by the end of last year(term, month„),etc.

三、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(done).(had通用于各種人稱)

否定形式：had + not +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞done.

一般疑問(wèn)句：had放于句首。

例句：She said she had never been to Paris. 她說(shuō)她從未去過(guò)巴黎。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開始自己謀生。

四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)

1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定

一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：

( 1 )by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

( 2 )by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

( 3 )before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"來(lái)判定。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

( 1 )賓語(yǔ)從句中

當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )狀語(yǔ)從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意：before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法

1.過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"。如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在"過(guò)去的過(guò)去")

2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如：

He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )

3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。

如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.

Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

(had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)

達(dá)標(biāo)練習(xí)：

一、單項(xiàng)選擇

1.He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.

A. where I had beenB. where I had gone

C. where had I beenD. where had I gone

2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?

A. did, doB. has,doneC did, did.D. had,done

3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。

A. learnedB. was learningC. had learnedD. learnt

4. She ______lived here for ______ years.

A. had,a fewB. has,severalC. had,a lot ofD. has,a great deal of

5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.

A had cookedB. cookedC. have cookedD. was cooked

6. She said she __________ the principle already

A .has seenB. sawC. will seeD. had seen

7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.

A. has hidden, fromB. had hidden, from

C. has hidden, withD. had hidden, with

8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.

A. has completed universityB. has completed the university

B. had completed an universityD. had completed university

9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.

A. forB. inC. byD. at

10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.

A had learned, pianoB. had learned, the piano

C. has learned, the pianoD. learns ,piano.

11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?

A. did, doB. did, didC. has, doneD. had done

12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.

A. has workedB. worksC. had workedD. will work

13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.

A. has completedB. completedC. will completeD. had completed

14. Ben hates playing _____ violin,but he likes playing ____ football.

A. a…theB. the… theC. / …theD. the…/

15. By the time he was 4,he ______ a lot of German words.

A. had learnedB. has learnedC. learnedD. learns

16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.

A. was leftB. had leftC. has leftD. left

17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.

A. livedB. had livedC. have livedD. were living

18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.

A. has arrivedB. was arrivingC. arrivedD. had arrived

19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.

A . have cleanedB. had cleanedC. was cleanedD. have been cleaned

20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.

A. have finishedB. will finishC. finishesD. has finished

21. The man ________ his coat and went out.

A. put onB. had put onC. will put onD. was putting on

22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.

A. had workedB. has workedC. workedD. works

23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.

A .fell asleep…watchB. was falling asleep…watched

C. fell asleep……was watchingD. had fallen asleep…watched

二、用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.

2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).

3. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______(arrive).

4. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.

5. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make)a phone call.

6. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.

7. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.

8. When the chairman ____________ (finish) speaking, he __________ (leave)the hall.

9.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).

10..We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.

11. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)

12. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.

13. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.

14. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.

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